1. Masculine nouns ending in -a

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Instrumental case: The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi is another archaic case ending that is sometimes added. A noun thus inflected expresses the idea ‘by', ‘with' or ‘through'.

Singular:

1. nara + ena = narena (by means of the man)
2. mātula + ena = mātulena (with the uncle)
3. kassaka + ena = kassakena (through the farmer)

Plural:

1. nara + ehi = narehi (narebhi)
2. mātula + ehi = mātulehi (mātulebhi)
3. kassaka + ehi = kassakehi (kassakebhi)

Saddhiṃ / saha meaning ‘with' is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:

1. Samaṇo narena saddhiṃ gāmaṃ gacchati.
The monk goes to the village with the man.

2. Putto mātulena saha candaṃ passati.
The son sees the moon with his uncle.

3. Kassako kakacena rukkhaṃ chindati.
The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.

Plural:

1. Samaṇā narehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ gacchanti.
Monks go to the village with men.

2. Puttā mātulehi saha candaṃ passanti.
Sons see the moon with uncles.

3. Kassakā kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.
Farmers cut trees with saws.

1. Buddho sāvakehi saddhiṃ vihāraṃ gacchati.
2. Puriso puttena saha dīpaṃ dhāvati.
3. Kassako sarena sigālaṃ vijjhati.
4. Brāhmaṇā mātulena saha pabbataṃ āruhanti.
5. Puttā pādehi kukkure paharanti.
6. Mātulo puttehi saddhiṃ rathena gāmaṃ āgacchati.
7. Kumārā hatthehi patte āharanti.
8. Coro maggena assaṃ harati.
9. Kassako āvāṭaṃ oruhati.
10. Bhūpālā paṇḍitehi saha samaṇe passanti.
11. Paṇḍito bhūpālena saha Tathāgataṃ vandati.
12. Puttā sahāyena saddhiṃ odanaṃ bhuñjanti.
13. Vāṇijo pāsāṇena migaṃ paharati.
14. Sunakhā pādehi āvāṭe khaṇanti.
15. Brāhmaṇo puttena saha suriyaṃ vandati.
16. Kassako soṇehi saddhiṃ rukkhe rakkhati.
17. Sugato sāvakehi saha vihāraṃ āgacchati.
18. Yācako pattena bhattaṃ āharati.
19. Paṇḍitā saggaṃ gacchanti.
20. Kumārā assehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ dhāvanti.
21. Coro khaggena naraṃ paharati.
22. Vāṇijo sakaṭena dīpe āharati.
23. Assā maggena dhāvanti.
24. Sigālā migehi saddhiṃ pabbataṃ dhāvanti.
25. Bhūpālo paṇḍitena saha manusse rakkhati.

1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.
2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.
3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.
4. The boy hits the lamp with a stone.
5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.
6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.
7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.
8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.
9. The king protects the island with wise men.
10. Kings worship monks with their sons.
11. Thieves bring horses to the island.
12. Disciples climb mountains with men.
13. Merchants cut trees with farmers.
14. The beggar digs a pit with a friend.
15. The brahmin sees the moon with his uncles.
16. The thief hits the horse with a sword.
17. The son brings rice in a bowl.
18. Boys run to the mountain with their dogs.
19. Merchants come to the village by carts with farmers.
20. Uncles come to the monastery by chariots with their sons.
21. Jackals run to the mountain along the road.
22. Dogs dig pits with their feet.
23. The man carries a saw in his hand.
24. Recluses go to heaven.
25. The Buddha comes to the village with his disciples.

1. Masculine nouns ending in -a

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Instrumental case: The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi is another archaic case ending that is sometimes added. A noun thus inflected expresses the idea ‘by', ‘with' or ‘through'.

Singular:

1. nara + ena = narena (by means of the man)
2. mātula + ena = mātulena (with the uncle)
3. kassaka + ena = kassakena (through the farmer)

Plural:

1. nara + ehi = narehi (narebhi)
2. mātula + ehi = mātulehi (mātulebhi)
3. kassaka + ehi = kassakehi (kassakebhi)

Saddhiṃ / saha meaning ‘with' is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular:

1. Samaṇo narena saddhiṃ gāmaṃ gacchati.
The monk goes to the village with the man.

2. Putto mātulena saha candaṃ passati.
The son sees the moon with his uncle.

3. Kassako kakacena rukkhaṃ chindati.
The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.

Plural:

1. Samaṇā narehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ gacchanti.
Monks go to the village with men.

2. Puttā mātulehi saha candaṃ passanti.
Sons see the moon with uncles.

3. Kassakā kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.
Farmers cut trees with saws.

1. Buddho sāvakehi saddhiṃ vihāraṃ gacchati.
2. Puriso puttena saha dīpaṃ dhāvati.
3. Kassako sarena sigālaṃ vijjhati.
4. Brāhmaṇā mātulena saha pabbataṃ āruhanti.
5. Puttā pādehi kukkure paharanti.
6. Mātulo puttehi saddhiṃ rathena gāmaṃ āgacchati.
7. Kumārā hatthehi patte āharanti.
8. Coro maggena assaṃ harati.
9. Kassako āvāṭaṃ oruhati.
10. Bhūpālā paṇḍitehi saha samaṇe passanti.
11. Paṇḍito bhūpālena saha Tathāgataṃ vandati.
12. Puttā sahāyena saddhiṃ odanaṃ bhuñjanti.
13. Vāṇijo pāsāṇena migaṃ paharati.
14. Sunakhā pādehi āvāṭe khaṇanti.
15. Brāhmaṇo puttena saha suriyaṃ vandati.
16. Kassako soṇehi saddhiṃ rukkhe rakkhati.
17. Sugato sāvakehi saha vihāraṃ āgacchati.
18. Yācako pattena bhattaṃ āharati.
19. Paṇḍitā saggaṃ gacchanti.
20. Kumārā assehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ dhāvanti.
21. Coro khaggena naraṃ paharati.
22. Vāṇijo sakaṭena dīpe āharati.
23. Assā maggena dhāvanti.
24. Sigālā migehi saddhiṃ pabbataṃ dhāvanti.
25. Bhūpālo paṇḍitena saha manusse rakkhati.

1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.
2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.
3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.
4. The boy hits the lamp with a stone.
5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.
6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.
7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.
8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.
9. The king protects the island with wise men.
10. Kings worship monks with their sons.
11. Thieves bring horses to the island.
12. Disciples climb mountains with men.
13. Merchants cut trees with farmers.
14. The beggar digs a pit with a friend.
15. The brahmin sees the moon with his uncles.
16. The thief hits the horse with a sword.
17. The son brings rice in a bowl.
18. Boys run to the mountain with their dogs.
19. Merchants come to the village by carts with farmers.
20. Uncles come to the monastery by chariots with their sons.
21. Jackals run to the mountain along the road.
22. Dogs dig pits with their feet.
23. The man carries a saw in his hand.
24. Recluses go to heaven.
25. The Buddha comes to the village with his disciples.