Để đạt được thành công, trước hết chúng ta phải tin chắc là mình làm được. (In order to succeed, we must first believe that we can.)Nikos Kazantzakis
Điều kiện duy nhất để cái ác ngự trị chính là khi những người tốt không làm gì cả. (The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.)Edmund Burke
Kẻ bi quan than phiền về hướng gió, người lạc quan chờ đợi gió đổi chiều, còn người thực tế thì điều chỉnh cánh buồm. (The pessimist complains about the wind; the optimist expects it to change; the realist adjusts the sails.)William Arthur Ward
Khi bạn dấn thân hoàn thiện các nhu cầu của tha nhân, các nhu cầu của bạn cũng được hoàn thiện như một hệ quả.Đức Đạt-lai Lạt-ma XIV
Có hai cách để lan truyền ánh sáng. Bạn có thể tự mình là ngọn nến tỏa sáng, hoặc là tấm gương phản chiếu ánh sáng đó. (There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it.)Edith Wharton
Ai dùng các hạnh lành, làm xóa mờ nghiệp ác, chói sáng rực đời này, như trăng thoát mây che.Kinh Pháp cú (Kệ số 173)
Nếu bạn muốn những gì tốt đẹp nhất từ cuộc đời, hãy cống hiến cho đời những gì tốt đẹp nhất. (If you want the best the world has to offer, offer the world your best.)Neale Donald Walsch
Để chế ngự bản thân, ta sử dụng khối óc; để chế ngự người khác, hãy sử dụng trái tim. (To handle yourself, use your head; to handle others, use your heart. )Donald A. Laird
Chỉ có cuộc sống vì người khác mới là đáng sống. (Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile. )Albert Einstein
Điều người khác nghĩ về bạn là bất ổn của họ, đừng nhận lấy về mình. (The opinion which other people have of you is their problem, not yours. )Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
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In many countries, leading families proudly trace their ancestors back to some
significant group of people. In the U..S.A., prominent individuals may boast that their
family came over on the Mayflower in 1620.
In England, ladies and gentlemen are happy to announce that their ancestors came to
Britain with William the Conqueror in 1066. In Australia, however, many leading families
are reluctant to talk about their origins. In fact, many years ago, one Australian city
burned its early records, so that no one would know who their ancestors were. The
reason for this is that Australia began its history as a British penal colony.
In eighteenth century England, there was a large gap between the rich and the poor. To
make matters worse, many farmers had been forced off their land by powerful
landowners. These homeless people wandered to the cities, where employment was
often hard to find. Frequent wars gave temporary employment to young men as soldiers
and sailors, but when the war was over, they were no better off than before.
As a result, theft was extremely common. To protect themselves, the upper classes made
theft punishable by hanging. The problem with this was that juries were often reluctant to
hang someone for stealing something small, and might declare the person not guilty.
For example, if a man or woman stole a loaf of bread to feed their children, the jury might
just let them go. To prevent this, the courts came up with a new category of punishment
exile or transportation. If the judge or jury was reluctant to sentence the accused to
death, they would ship them far away from England across the seas. However, if the
person was found back in England again, he or she would be hanged.
At first, England sent its convicts to America's Thirteen Colonies. However, when the
United States declared its independence in 1776, this was no longer possible. England
considered sending criminals to West Africa, but the land and climate were considered
unsuitable. So finally Great Britain decided to use the huge, almost uninhabited, country
of Australia. At this time, not a single European was living anywhere on the continent.
In the fall of 1786, a fleet of English ships began to take convicts on board. This process
continued till the sailing date of May 13, 1787. Many British jails had been cleared of both
male and female prisoners.
Since the convicts were technically under a sentence of death, there was little concern
for making them comfortable. At first, the convicts were chained below decks, but later
some were released when well out to sea. One man had been sentenced for the theft of a
winter coat; another for stealing cucumbers from a garden; a third for carrying off a
sheep. Among the women, one was guilty of stealing a large cheese; another of taking
several yards of cloth.
These ships known as The First Fleet carried 1,442 convicts, sailors, marines and
officers. The fleet finally arrived at Botany Bay on January 10, 1788. Later that month,
they moved down to Sydney Harbour. No preparations whatsoever had been made. The
forests came right up to the shore. Soon, the fleet members were cutting down trees and
trying to put up tents. It was June 1790 before further supplies arrived from England.
Meanwhile, many convicts suffered from sickness, aggravated by lack of good food.
In conclusion, Australians need not be ashamed of their origins. In time, great things
were achieved, in spite of the almost complete lack of help from the English government.
Many ex convicts became respectable settlers who began prosperous farms and
businesses. The members of the First Fleet, whether convicts or not, deserve to be
honoured as the founders of Australia.
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