-J-
janaka-kamma: 'regenerative kamma'; s. kamma.
jarā: 'old age, decay', is one of the 3 divine
messengers (s. deva-dūta,
q.v.). For its conditioning by birth, s. paṭiccasamuppāda (11).
jāti: 'birth', comprises the entire embryonic process
beginning with conception and ending with parturition.
"The birth of beings belonging to
this or that order of beings, their being born, their conception (okkanti) and springing into
existence, the manifestation of the groups (corporeality, feeling, perception,
mental formations, consciousness; s. khandha),
the acquiring of their sensitive organs: this is called birth" (D. 22).
For its conditioning by the prenatal kamma-process (kamma-bhava; s. bhava),
s. paṭiccasamuppāda
(9, 10), paṭisandhi.
javana (fr. javati, to impel):
'impulsion', is the phase of full cognition in the cognitive series, or
perceptual process (citta-vīthi;
s. viññāṇa-kicca)
occurring at its climax, if the respective object is large or distinct. It is
at this phase that kamma is produced, i.e. wholesome or unwholesome volition
concerning the perception that was the object of the previous stages of the
respective process of consciousness. There are normally 7 impulsive moments. In
mundane consciousness (lokiya, q.v.),
any of the 17 kammically wholesome classes of consciousness (Tab. I, 1-17) or
of the 12 unwholesome ones (Tab. I, 22-23) may arise at the phase of impulsion.
For the Arahat, however, impulsion has no longer a karmic, i.e.
rebirth-producing character, but is a kammically independent function (kiriya, q.v.; Tab. I, 72-89). There
are further 8 supermundane classes of impulsion (Tab. I, 18-21, 66-69).
The 4 impulsive moments immediately
before entering an absorption (jhāna,
q.v.) or one of the supermundane paths (magga; s. ariyapuggala)
are: the preparatory (parikamma),
approach (upacāra), adaptation
(anuloma), and
maturity-moment (gotrabhū,
q.v.) In connection with entering the earth-kasiṇa absorption (s. kasiṇa), they are
explained as follows, in Vis.M. IV: "After the breaking off of the
subconscious stream of being (bhavaṅga-sota,
q.v.), there arises the 'advertence at the mind-door' (manodvārāvajjana, s. viññāṇakicca), taking as
object the earthkasiṇa (whilst thinking), 'Earth! Earth!' Thereupon, 4 or 5
impulsive moments flash forth, amongst which the last one (maturity-moment)
belongs to the fine-material sphere (rūpāvacara), whereas the rest belong to the sense-sphere
(kāmāvacara ; s. avacara), though the last
one is more powerful in thought conception, discursive thinking, interest
(rapture), joy and concentration (cf.
jhāna)
than the states of consciousness belonging to the sense-sphere. They are
called 'preparatory' (parikamma-samādhi),
as they are preparing for the attainment-concentration (appanā-samādhi); 'approaching' (upacāra-samādhi), as they
are close to the attainment-concentration and are moving in its neighbourhood;
'adaptive' (anuloma), as they
adapt themselves to the preceding preparatory states and to the succeeding
attainment concentration. The last one of the four is called 'matured' (gotrabhū).
In a similar way, the impulsive moments before reaching the divine ear are
described in Vis.M. XIII, 1. - Cf. Kamma - (App.).
jewels. The 3: ti-ratana
(q.v.).
jhāna: 'absorption' (meditation) refers chiefly to the
four meditative absorptions of the fine-material sphere (rūpa-jjhāna or rūpāvacara-jjhāna; s. avacara). They are achieved through the attainment of
full (or attainment -, or ecstatic) concentration (appanā, s. samādhi),
during which there is a complete, though temporary, suspension of fivefold
sense-activity and of the 5 hindrances (s.
nīvaraṇa).
The state of consciousness, however, is one of full alertness and lucidity.
This high degree of concentration is generally developed by the practice of one
of the 40 subjects of tranquillity meditation (samatha-kammaṭṭhāna; s. bhāvanā). Often also the 4 immaterial
spheres (arūpāyatana) are
called absorptions of the immaterial sphere (arūpa-jjhāna or
arūpāvacara-jjhāna).
The stereotype text, often met with in the Suttas
, runs as follows:
(1) "Detached from sensual
objects, o monks, detached from unwholesome consciousness, attached with
thought-conception (vitakka) and
discursive thinking (vicāra),
born of detachment (viveka ja)
and filled with rapture (pīti)
and joy (sukha) he enters the
first absorption.
(2) "After the subsiding of thought-conception
and discursive thinking, and by gaining inner tranquillity and oneness of mind,
he enters into a state free from thought-conception and discursive thinking,
the second absorption, which is born of concentration (samādhi), and filled with rapture (pīti) and joy (sukha).
(3) "After the fading away of
rapture he dwells in equanimity, mindful, clearly conscious; and he experiences
in his person that feeling of which the Noble Ones say, 'Happy lives the man of
equanimity and attentive mind'; thus he enters the 3rd absorption.
(4) "After having given up
pleasure and pain, and through the disappearance of previous joy and grief, he
enters into a state beyond pleasure and pain, into the 4th absorption, which is
purified by equanimity (upekkhā)
and mindfulness.
(5) "Through the total overcoming
of the perceptions of matter, however, and through the vanishing of
sense-reactions and the non-attention to the perceptions of variety, with the
idea, 'Boundless is space', he reaches the sphere of boundless space (ākāsānañcāyatana) and
abides therein.
["By 'perceptions of matter' (rūpa-saññā) are meant the
absorptions of the fine-material sphere, as well as those objects themselves .
. . " (Vis.M. X, 1).
"By 'perceptions of
sense-reactions' (paṭigha-saññā)
are meant those perceptions that have arisen due to the impact of sense-organs
(eye, etc.) and the sense-objects (visible objects, etc.). They are a name for
the perception of visible objects, as it is said (Jhāna Vibh. ): 'What are here the perceptions of
sense-reactions? They are the perceptions of visible objects, sounds, etc.' -
Surely, they do no longer exist even for one who has entered the 1st
absorption, etc., for at such a time the five-sense consciousness is no longer
functioning. Nevertheless, this is to be understood as having been said in
praise of this immaterial absorption, in order to incite the striving for
it" (Vis.M. X, 16).
"Perceptions of variety (ñāṇatta-saññā) are
the perceptions that arise in various fields, or the various perceptions"
(ib.). Hereby, according to Vis.M. X, 20, are meant the multiform perceptions
outside the absorptions.]
(6) "Through the total overcoming
of the sphere of boundless space, and with the idea 'Boundless is
consciousness', he reaches the sphere of boundless consciousness (viññāṇañcāyatana) and
abides therein.
(7) "Through the total overcoming
of the sphere of boundless consciousness, and with the idea 'Nothing is there',
he reaches the sphere of nothingness (ākiñcaññāyatana)
and abides therein.
(8) "Through the total overcoming
of the sphere of nothingness he reaches the sphere of
neither-perception-nor-non-perception (nevasaññā-n’asaññāyatana)
and abides therein."
"Thus the 1st absorption is free
from 5 things (i.e. the hindrances,
nīvaraṇa,
q.v.), and 5 things are present (i.e. the factors of absorption; jhānaṅga).
Whenever the monk enters the 1st absorption, there have vanished sensuous
desire, ill-will, sloth and torpor, restlessness and scruples, doubts; and
there are present: thought-conception (vitakka),
discursive thinking (vicāra)
rapture (pīti), joy
(sukha), and concentration (samādhi). In the 2nd
absorption there are present: rapture, joy and concentration; in the 3rd: joy
and concentration; in the 4th: equanimity (upekkhā) and concentration" (Vis.M. IV).
The 4 absorptions of the immaterial
sphere (s. above 5-8) still belong, properly speaking, to the 4th absorption as
they possess the same two constituents. The 4th fine-material absorption is
also the base or starting point (pādaka-jhāna,
q.v.) for the attaining of the higher spiritual powers (abhiññā, q.v.).
In the Abhidhamma, generally a fivefold instead of a fourfold division of
the fine-material absorptions is used: the 2nd absorption has still the constituent
'discursive thinking' (but without thought-conception), while the 3rd, 4th and
5th correspond to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively, of the fourfold division
(s. Tab. I, 9- 13) . This fivefold division is based on Sutta texts like A . VIII, 63 .
For the 8 absorptions as objects for
the development of insight (vipassanā),
see samatha-vipassanā. - Full
details in Vis.M. IV-X.
Jhāna in its widest sense (e.g. as one of the 24
conditions; s. paccaya 17), denotes any, even momentary or weak absorption of
mind, when directed on a single object.
jhānaṅga:
'constituents (or factors) of
absorption'; s. prec.
jhāna-paccaya,
is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
jīva: life, vital principle, individual soul. 'Soul
(life) and body are identical' and 'Soul and body are different', these two
frequently quoted wrong views fall under the 2 kinds of personality-belief (sakkāya-diṭṭhi; s.
diṭṭhi),
i.e. the first one under the annihilation-belief (uccheda-diṭṭhi) and the second under the
eternity-belief (sassata-diṭṭhi).
"Verily, if one holds the view
that the soul (life) is identical with the body, in that case a holy life is
not possible; or if one holds the view that the soul (life) is something quite
different, also in that case a holy life is impossible. Both these extremes the
Perfect One has avoided and shown the Middle Doctrine, which says: 'On
ignorance depend the kamma-formations, on the kamma-formations depends
consciousness', etc." (S. XII. 35).
jīvita and jīvitindriya: 'Life, vitality', may be either physical (rūpa-jīvitindriya) or mental (nāma-jīvitindriya). The latter is one of the mental
factors inseparably associated with all consciousness; cf. nāma, cetanā,
phassa.
jīvita-navaka-kalāpa:
ninefold vital group; s. rūpa-kalāpa.
joy: somanassa (q.v.). - Altruistic j. = muditā (s.
brahma-vihāra).
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